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Welcome to the hurly-burly world of medical xray production! This is an ordinary X-ray tube cut away to reveal the inner workings.
The bright glow is from a pair of Thoriated Tungsten filaments, about twice as thick as what you would find in a 100-Watt incandescent light bulb. They get heated to near white hot temps, and pumped up to as much as -75,000 volts, more in some types.
The round disc is the anode, it is likewise pumped up to +75,000 volts. This makes the electrons travel across the gap, pick up a truckload of energy, and smash in to the anode, interacting with the Tungsten atoms, and convert that energy into a very specific band of xrays.